The Contribution Of The Identity Of Australia - 1734 Words

Anh Do In the history of Australia, there are a variety of people in their respective areas have made outstanding achievements, made a contribution to the identity of Australia. Among these people, Anh Do is probably the most instructive and interesting person. As his book happy refugees implied, Anh experienced suffering in his early years. At the same time, he has maintained an optimistic attitude, this pain into an inspirational story, to share with you. At present, Anh has made achievements in various fields such as writers, films, television, artists, live performances and corporate speeches (Anhdo.com.au 2017). Anne s story is sure to shape the identity of Australia. This report will analyze the achievements of Anhe and his†¦show more content†¦In 2013, when he was at the peak of his career as a comedian and writer, Angel turned his hand (Artist Profile 2017). Achievement After introducing Anh s life experience, Anh s achievements in the fields of writers, films, television, artists, live performances and presentations will be displayed one by one. The author As the author, Anh s most famous works are the happiest refugees. This book tells how Anhe and his family fled to Australia as refugees. While it involves a variety of negative themes such as war, fled, pirate and racism, it inspires readers and emits their hopes. This book is the most surprising and inspiring reading of years (Anhdo.com.au 2017), Russell Crowe, the book laughter and tears . This book has received various awards from Anh, including the 2011 Annual Yearbook 2011, the Independent Yearbook 2011 and the 2011 Nielsen BookData Book (ABA) Choice Award. In addition to this book, Anh also wrote many other books, including crazy monster, hot dog, small refugee and so on (Anhdo.com.au 2017). As an author, Anhe is popular among readers. He uses his wit, fascinating and warmth to inspire and encourage the reader. Film and television Since 2000, he has played a fraction of the film SeaChange (Wikipedia.org 2017), and his film and television work has already begun. Later, he participated in a variety of movies and tv, such as solo, double fist, good news week, thank GodShow MoreRelatedThe impacts of the Stolen Generation on Australian Life Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthese Aboriginal children and essential â€Å"turn them white†; this can be seen as a violation of human rights and international law. The Aboriginals had virtually no rights when it came to starting a family and the stolen generation was used to show Australia the atrocities that have been happening in this country for two hundred years. The impacts of the Stolen Generation on Australian life, is still seen very much recent in the lives of many today. People these days that were taken away fromRead MoreSulistiyanto: Discussing Bilateral Relationship Between Australia and Indonesia621 Words   |  3 PagesSulistiyanto’s article is much talking about Indonesia and Australia relations in the era of democracy. He starts with a brief history of Indonesia events in the era of authoritarian politics – Sukarno and Soeharto governments. It traces on how the role of governments have impacted in the creating of Indonesia domestic policy and foreign policy, especially toward Australia. Sulistiyanto examines the changing in Indonesia domestic policy and the contribution of the non-state actors in the maintenance of theRead MoreSocial Perspectives On Education And The Sociology Of Education1273 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy, anthropology, psychology, biology, ethics and aesthetics). Through this, the knowledge o f sociological method, problems and generalizations may be adequately interpreted to every educator. Surely, contemporary education cannot disregard the contributions of sociology. In any case, education can be conducted only within the framework of social institutions and processes and it is impossible to ignore the constant modifying of various culture patterns that is found, particularly in organized educationRead MoreEssay about Kangaroo, an Australian Icon794 Words   |  4 Pagescourage, freedom and equality against apartheid. Australia also has many significant icons such as the Sydney Opera House, Uluru, vegemite, Ned Kelly, and the Koala to name a few. These have all played significant parts in Australia’s background, culture and values. Uniquely Australian Ultimately, the Kangaroo has to be Australia’s most famous and significant icon, it is known by the majority of people around the world and associated always with Australia. Due to the similarities it shares with theRead MoreEssay about Russel Ward, The Australian Legend - Book Review1196 Words   |  5 Pagesexaggerate certain aspects of Australian history to make their point. Discuss with reference to one the recommended texts. The book quot;The Australian Legendquot;, written by Russell Ward and published in 1958 speaks mainly of quot;Australian Identityquot;. It looks at nationalism and what has formed our self-image. There are many aspects that are left overlooked however, as the Authour makes his assumptions. Significant parts of society are neglected consideration, these include those that werentRead MoreThe World War One : A Devastating Effect On The Australian And Tasmanian Society1340 Words   |  6 Pageson the 4th of August 1914, â€Å"when the empire is at war, so is Australia.† Although Australia as a nation lost 61,928 people, the war brought Australia to a new era and provided a new cultural status and identity. Through the war and our participation in World War One, our community emerged into the modern era, with women taking up the role of men in the workforce and Australia gaining cultural independence. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 and was still a young nation. Regarding theRead MoreHit A Six With Australia s National Identity1465 Words   |  6 PagesHit a six with Australia’s national identity Argument Since colonial times, sporting successes especially in cricket have assisted the emerging nation of Australia to establish its identity. The prevalence of cricket in Australia constitutes what Markovits and Hellerman (2001) coin a, â€Å"hegemonic sports culture†, and subsequently represents an influential part of Australian culture. However, the modernity discourse undermines the degree to which Australian identity is taking into account British LegacyRead MoreForced Migration Of Human Population1633 Words   |  7 Pageslegitimate reason to seek asylum as a result of universal trade schemes that mostly benefit rich countries and disadvantage the poor ones (Wainwright 2013). Australia has become one of the prominent places in the world in actively welcoming refugees for resettlement. Based on Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DBIP) report (2015), Australia has welcomed over 800,000people on the Humanitarian Program since the World War II. However, this commitment has dramatically altered in the last decadeRead MoreEffects Of The Colonization Of Indigenous People860 Words   |  4 PagesThe colonization of Australia has a disturbing influence on the Indigenous people who have lived in Australia for almost 60,000 years. Indigenous people are recognised as the custodians of the world’s longest living culture. For almost 60,000 years, more than 500 different Aboriginal nations and up to 1 million Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were understood to have lived in Australia before the arrival of the British in 1788. The new settlement was designed to improve Britain’s claimRead MoreAustralian s Constitution : The Foundi ng Political And Legal Document Of Our Nation1556 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution actually allows discrimination against the Indigenous people. Since Indigenous people are still not recognised in the Constitution there is growing support for the Constitution to be amended in order to recognise the Indigenous people of Australia. This issue involves our whole nation not only the Indigenous people and as such it is time to discuss the past, present and future as we begin to change the Constitution. Nationally efforts started in 2011 to have Aboriginal people recognised in

Construction Technology Example

Essays on Construction Technology Essay Media Footbridge Introduction The Media footbridge is a pedestrian walkway linking Trafford situated in the South to the new Media Development in Stafford situated in the North. The swinging footbridge cuts across the Manchester Ship Canal next to Salford Quays. The Media city is a fast growing region with offices for prominent broadcasting corporations like BBC, which will play a great role in molding the future of Salford Quays. The construction proposal was from Peel media while a collaboration of Gifford, Wilkinson Eyre Architects, and Bennett Associates were allotted the role of work on site survey and come up with a favorable design. The bridge is not only a footbridge but also a symbolic landmark anonymous to the Media City and Trafford Wharl. This paper focuses on the environmental, ecological, geotechnical, and hydrological considerations that designer and constructors of the Media Foot Bridge Salford, Manchester had to have in mind when deciding on the construction technolo gy to use. Development proposal endeavors to address the geotechnical restriction of the location, and allow pedestrians to access to the Media City Development, Imperial War Museum link to the present Lowry Bridge boosting access to the Manchester Ship Canal. The footbridge has a wharf at Manchester Ship Canal such that it can open or close when swung. Piers at every quayside offer access ramp to the bottom of the bridge. The most important part of the designing process was to decide how the bridge would open for transient vessels. The exact location of the site is Salford, within Manchester in an area currently under industrial use. The land encompasses the Manchester Ship Canal, Salford Quays within which a media City is being developed and Trafford Quay, which is currently under little significant utilization (Curran Thompson, 2010, p. 5-6).Designing of such a bridge was vital since a fixed bridge would meddle with the public right of navigating over port Manchester, which woul d require statutory authority. However, this opening bridge is appropriate since no controversies would arise and it construction only requires permission for planning. Peel Holdings, the client behind this project required the bridge to be greatly visible to act as a pointer to the region, maximise connectivity, as well as be distinctive, and thrilling (Bain Wright Partnership Limited, 2009, P. 16-19) The Manchester Ship Canal required the designers to consider the development potential of restraining docking of big vessels and the clearance amid the underside of bridge deck. The construction of the planned bridge does not necessitate evaluation by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as it does not fall under any of the two schedules of the EIA groupings. However, the planners had to confirm that the bridge passed test such as ability to cope with floods, was ecological friendly, and built in proper grounds. Archaeological Desk Study and Desk study of Water Quality Impacts we re among the reports prepared to support the construction.Geotechnical results after location exploration showed the ground consist of Made Ground comprising of gravely clay and of about 1.0 and 5.0 drift deposits of organic sediment and thick gravels. The gravely clay encompasses of brick rubbles, concrete, ember, glass. Below the drift deposits was sandstone bedrock, approximately 13 meters under the ground level. The site also had evidence of other compound such as lead, and other hydrocarbons with similar chemical composition range of extractable petroleum. This called for proper care in order to reduce ground disturbance as well as appropriate disposal of both the ground and the canal silts. The bridge was designed in a manner to reduce its impact on existing structures such dock walls south of the site. Permo-Triassic Chester Pebble Beds Formation lying on Carboniferous Upper Coal characterizes the underlying ground. (Bain Wright Partnership Limited, 2009, P.4-10)Ecologically the site mainly comprises of short perennial vegetation common in urban settings. Assessments proved that construction of the bridge would not affect the role of the Manchester Ship canal as a wildlife strip. However, mitigation measures were recommended to ensure that the construction did not cause pollution. The designers were required to consider drainage aspects as well as treatment of wastewaters to diminish pollution. The site is reasonably far from Trafford Ecology Park thus no serious impacts were projected (Bain Wright Partnership Limited, 2009, p 17).The bridge received approval from Technical Approval of Highway Structures for fulfillment of features such as design suppositions, loading, as well as the analysis techniques. Construction Design and Management (CDM) assessed the risks the construction could have on the health and safety of constructors, user, and all those involved in the designing. The assessment was done throughout the designing and construction process to ensure the project did not put the health or life of anybody at risk (Curran Thompson, 2010, p.4).Hydrological results showed a key aquifer beneath but the site does not fall under a groundwater protection region. The water height of water in the canal is about 21.37m AOD. Flood risk assessment demonstrated that groundwater heights are above base of canal thus no anticipated pollution and had no residual flood jeopardy. Foundation not expected to expose underlying silt peat deposits (Bain Wright Partnership Limited, 2009, P. 16-18)In conclusion, the construction of Media Foot Bridge Salford posed no danger on environment, was ecologically friendly, and put into consideration the welfare of the society. The important role the development would play overweighed on the minimal risks it could possibly pose to the life of residents as well as the environment. The bridge design reduces its impact on existing structures such as the already present dock walls south of the site.Works Cited Bain Wright Partnership Limited 2009, Trafford Wharf Promenade: Planning Statement.Curran, P Thompson, S 2010, Media City Footbridge, Salford Quays. Viewed 06 May 2012 http://www.gifford.uk.com/fileadmin/uploads/Documents/Research_and_Opiniom/MediaCity_Footbridge_Venice_Sept_2010-full.pdf

Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making Free Essays

string(29) " lack of a proper education\." Reading 1. 3 Jackall, R. (1988) Theories of decision-making process deliver to managers many essential tools such as risk and cost/benefits analysis, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude. If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a manager is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection. Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises. Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established. To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss. When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990) The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended). The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response. The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality. Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly. A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. You read "Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making" in category "Essay examples" Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value i mage is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the source for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsistent with the relevant principles, will be refused. The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests. The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work with in hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary. After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair). And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices. There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking. In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority. In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking. Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the p rojects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines. But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  Callon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology. There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault. Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas. This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations. Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption. Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities. How to cite Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making, Essay examples

A Long Way Gone Theme free essay sample

Junior, Tallow, and I listened to rap music, trying to memorize the lyrics so that we could avoid thinking about the situation at hand. Naughty by Nature, AL Cool J, Run- D. M. C. , and Heavy D The Boozy; we had left home with only these cassettes and the clothes that we wore. I remember sitting on the verandah listening to Now That We Found Love by Heavy D The Boozy and watching the trees at the edge of town that reluctantly moved to the slow wind. (15). L took off my old pants, which contained the rap cassettes.As I was putting on my new army shorts, a soldier took my old pants and threw them Into a blazing fire that ad been set to burn our old belongings. I ran toward the fire, but the cassettes had already started to melt. Tears formed in my eye, and my lips shook as I turned away. We will write a custom essay sample on A Long Way Gone: Theme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (110). L began to look forward to Esters arrival in the afternoons. I sang for her the parts of songs I had memorized that day. Memorizing lyrics left my little time to think about what had happened In the war.As I grew comfortable with Esther, I talked to her mainly about Bob Marbles lyrics and Run-D. M. C. s. Too. (163) One of the themes present in A Long Way Gone is music and how it impacts peoples Houghton, emotions, character, and their overall lives. It also underlies the idea of music being a distraction from the hardships and rough patches people go through. In the first selection, Junior, Tallow. And Shame try to memorize lyrics to rap music In order to avoid thinking about the situation at hand.The situation being the war and the reality of knowing the rebels would soon invade their village. In the second selection, Shame is deeply saddened (Tears formed in my eye, and my lips shook as I turned away. ) that his cassettes have been destroyed, as they were a symbol of his holding and his life before the war and chaos. In the last selection, Shame once again uses music as a distraction, which left him little time to think about what happened In the war, as the Images were obviously horrifying to say the least.All of these excerpts show the deferent ways that music can be used as an outlet, or a distraction from negative thoughts and ideas, similar to the way people use art as an outlet. Not only do people use music as an outlet, but also as a way to take pride in their culture. The same Is true today, as many people listen to music native to their mom country, state, or city. For example, people of Latino descent often listen to music by Latino artists like Shakier, Carols Santa, and Unripe Gallerias.The majority of the artists that Shame listens to throughout the book come from African backgrounds, and he is fascinated by the fact that the black men can rap in English so fast and with the beat. People all over the world use music as an outlet for their thoughts, or a way to distract themselves from a tough situation they might be going through. Music has an overall positive connotation throughout the novel, and this appreciated.

Thanksgivings Day History

Primarily celebrated in the United States and Canada, thanksgiving has over the years transformed itself from the original idea of showing gratefulness to God for his favors to a fully fledged national holiday observed on the last Thursday of every November and the second Monday of every October in the United States and Canada respectively. During this festivity, a lot of brain and body input is swung into action as a result of the various activities carried out by various groups of people to commemorate this event.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thanksgiving’s Day History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the ancient days to date, certain activities have remained as they were while others have been continuously been revolutionized, all in the name of observing this highly observed occasion. Virtually all the human senses are put to the test while observing thanksgiving taking into account the fact th at it is a highly anticipated occasion or holyday rather. According it the kind of importance it deserves is hence quit imperative. In the modern day thanksgiving festivity, the most utilized human sense is that of taste. This is because the entire citizenry in these countries which observe thanksgiving always strive to see to it that they direct a considerable amount of time, energy and resources to the kitchen so as to enable them put a decent meal on the table. Despite not being a replica of the original meals ate while observing thanksgiving during its early years of inception, a constant trend of feasting on a specific caliber of food which more often than not include the turkey has been noted to characterize almost all the dinner tables over the last couple of years. This state of affairs hence renders the sense of taste the most utilized one with respect to the fact that almost all the households prepare their meals with missionary zeal. Striving to satisfy everybody’s sense of taste during this festivity also has a multiplier effect on yet another vital human sense; that of smell. This is occasioned by the endearing aroma that always emanate from every household’s kitchen. It is hence safe to say that the human sense of taste cannot be completely satisfied without appeasing that of smell. This momentous occasion is also characterized with outdoor events that involve utilizing the human sense of sight quite expeditiously. Sight often comes in quite handy during this event since several open field activities take place on this date too. In the United States for instance, a massive parade constituted of giant floats, matching bands and even convoys of celebrated icons in the entertainment industry often match along the 5th avenue in New York. This event always attracts thousands of sight seers who come to enjoy themselves either by observing or taking part in the activity.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Song, dance and even prayer also decorate this callous celebration. Very appeasing tunes often heard both live or on television also seek to satisfy the human sense of hearing. In as much as the satisfaction of the senses of smell, taste and sight are of great importance, it is equally important to acknowledge the fact that these celebrations would be out rightly dull and unbearable if the sense of hearing was to be neglected. It hence makes much sense to conclude this essay by attesting to the fact that for a fulfilling commemoration of the thanksgiving event, the satisfaction of almost all the human senses is deemed necessary. It is also important to take part in this celebration since it helps to renew one’s commitment to the family and the general nourishment of the society. These activities also help to encourage or promote unity by encouraging a sense of belonging among people hence emphasizing the im portance of harmonious living. This essay on Thanksgiving’s Day History was written and submitted by user BrotherhoodofEvilMutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Japan Entering World War II

Japan Entering World War II World War II conflict that consisted of most the globe and was the most costly and intense war in human history.The conflict had started on September 1st, 1939 with the German invasion of Poland with the pacific war presumed to have started on 7th July 1937 with the Japanese attacking china and lasted until the summer of 1945. Due to the overwhelming number of nations involved and the extraordinary number of theatres a great number of people considered World War II to be the only true world war.Japan entered the war in December 1941 and swiftly achieved a series of victories. Their advance had been dramatic down the coast of the Pacific islands. Landing in the Philippines on the 10th December 1941 and reaching Lae salamaua in New Guinea on 8th March 1942. With Bataan surrening on 9th April 1942 and then Corregidor a month later. The US Navy, supported by ships of the RAN, halted a Japanese convoy headed of Port Moresby during the battle of the Coral Sea on May 5th - 8th.Ela BeachDece mber 7th 1941, a surprise air raid was carried out on Pearl Harbor, by Japanese warplanes commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. This attack resulted in huge loses to the US naval base.The following day, the US declared war on Japan. Around the same time the US air base was also attacked.In March of 1942, after the Japanese defeated the Netherlands East Indies, their southward advance began to lose strength, easing the Australians fears of an invasion. The US took responsibility for the country's defence and provided reinforcements and equipment which brought further relief to the Aussie's. The threat of the invasion lessened as Allies won a series of decisive battles.Allied navies in the battle of the Coral Sea stopped...

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) Essay

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) - Essay Example 39).  The court is obligated to identify any possible reason for a warranted search or seizure. The Fourth Amendment provision only applies where the government conducts the searches and seizures. Thereby the clause excludes private investigations by austerely private persons such as unsavory spouses, privately hired investigators, or intrusive neighbors. In a few exceptions, the concerns of the Fourth Amendment arise when actions taken by a private person are in conjunction with law implementation. However, the constitution protects whatever an individual seeks to perpetuate as private that is in an area accessible to the public. In accordance with the Supreme Court, individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their bodies, personal effects, and clothing. Homeowners own a privacy interest that extends inside their houses and extends to their immediate outside surrounding ( McCord et al., p.192). The expectation of privacy does not appertain to private property held to the public and thus is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Nonetheless, items seen through or information gathered by augmented surveillance could be subject to the provisions of the Fourth Amendment. It is unlawful to intercept a telephone call. In addition, when one intends to make a call they expect privacy regardless of the medium used (Schulhofer, p. 125). Hence, the Fourth Amendment rightfully protects the petitioner against invasion of privacy. The judge disregarded the term â€Å"constitutionally protected area† in the context of the Fourth Amendment and explained that constitutionally it is not a right to privacy. The government had enough evidence to establish that the petitioner was using the specific telephone to transmit gambling information to persons in other states thereby committing a federal offence but acquired the information illegally. The case involves private actions for the purpose of the Fourth Amendment. The courts seek to determine the extent to

Predatory Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Predatory Crime - Essay Example First, all the situations in which burglary or theft is raised by supplies, services or money. All the situations in which the individuals are motivated to become criminals. Secondly, all the circumstances which makes the use of crime ethical and legitimate to the individuals. Like unemployment, poverty etc. The third context refers to all those individuals who are now leading a successful life by transforming into thriving criminals and taking 'any form' of predatory crime as a profession. These expert thieves are sometimes affiliated with musclemen or organizers in a fourth context of rational crimes, the context in which crime becomes an economic enterprise fulfilling the demands of a market (Ferrington, 1991). It may seem odd, but it is true that majority of the offenders' contentment lies in the fact that their crimes are seen as a part of escalating crime. For any particular offender, a predatory crime might be more easily accomplished if the victim believes that the offender is one of the frightening new variety to which the media have been paying so much attention lately. An example of this phenomenon can be found in the Black Hand crime wave that terrorized residents of New York in the first few years of the 20th century. Black Hand extortion was successful because victims believed that their offenders were part of a large and powerful criminal conspiracy, which suggests that the victims were somehow related to psychological issues. This attitude of the victims encouraged Black Hand operations to expand in small groups or even sole operators; they used the threat of the powerful organization to accomplish their criminal ends. Thus, the snowball effect of newspaper coverage created a kind of momentum that made it much easier to be an extortionist. Unsceptically, victims are the most vocal claimants who claim of the crime. It is through the claims of the victims that attention is drawn to the dilemma of increasing crime and now people are tending more towards the measures and precautions necessary to control the consequences responsible to the advent of these crimes, atleast to some extent. Several victim advocates have become familiar figures in the American popular cultural landscape. John Walsh, for instance, the father of murdered child Adam Walsh, became an early spokesperson in the movement to protect missing and exploited children. Subsequently, he became the host of the very popular Fox television program America's Most Wanted and later host of his own daytime television talk show. Less visible, but perhaps not less influential is Candy Lightener, founder of MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. In May 1980 her 13-year-old daughter was killed by a hit-and-run driver in a Sacramento suburb. It was later discovered that the intoxicated driver was on probation for a previous DUI ("driving under the influence") conviction and the leniency with which the driver was treated by the justice system prompted her to take action to

Analyze a particular area of the film industry Essay

Analyze a particular area of the film industry - Essay Example I am not the lone exception. My career objective has always been to offer the best for my customers keep them updated on the changes immediately and learn to cope with the challenges that arise so as to try to come up with a conducive environment for my customers. Successful businesses are customer focused. They let their entire business evolve around their customers. It involves thinking on how one can sell what they want to create. Using creativity to avail what a customer wants. Finding means and ways of reaching large numbers of people. Not only majoring their marketing to only their nations but also reaching the entire world if possible. This is today made easier through the advancing technology in marketing (Armstrong and Sweeney, 1994). Operational marketing attracts and keeps customers by providing prompt services to them. They do this at the shortest time possible at the highest level of quality. They meet and exceed customer expectations in cost and time frame. They are inc orporated in the marketing and advertisement so as to ensure its process remains of highest quality at the same time allows the company handle a large number of transactions as fast as possible. They act as the links between the business and the customers (Honeycutt et. Al., 1995). Practical aspects of marketing on film industry/culture sector. Several practical aspects of marketing on film industry/ culture sector have been realized in the past few years. This has led to the advancement and easiness in marketing as a whole. Just to mention few-: Digital marketing is a highly practical and advance level course for those who work in independent film festivals. Its main aim is to develop a network of digital marketing experts. To ensure the sector of the cultural cinema uses appropriately the potential of digital marketing to engage the audience. This has made marketing even faster (Jackson and Artola, 1997). Mapping of the creative industry has helped in the solving of the complex ch allenges faced in the past centuries. It solves the problem of polarization and inequality between nations. It avails strategies to unleash the creative potential of each and everyone to respond to the far reaching cultural, economic, technological and social shift that man is living through (Jeurissen and van, 1998). Job creation-: a majority of the developing and the industrialized countries have started programs for promoting the micro, small and medium enterprises at the courtesy of their job creation. This helps the youths and those without permanent jobs to be self employed hence reduction of the rate of unemployment. This has also led to the wide spread of the film industry. Remote areas can now access the industry through the various awareness being created in their vicinity (DCMS, 2001). Emergence of new industries-: the satisfaction of peoples thirst and demand of cultural products in social, cultural and technological changes has increased. This is due to the emergence of new industries. It has led to new forms of entertainment, distractions and inspiration. They include computer games, web designs among others (Hesmondhalgh, 2002). They have replaced older cultural industries. It has also brought a very positive gain on the youths. It helps in curbing the loitering and bad behaviors that may arise due to idleness. Film and screen studies helps in the development of critical understanding of film and screen theory. To criticize and appreciate the relationship between film, media and culture. To provide

The Great Train Robbery, 1903

The Great Train Robbery, 1903 The Great Train Robbery produced by Edwin S. Porter in 1903 is frequently acknowledged as the first narrative film. Porter, who had previously worked for Thomas Edison as a cameraman, takes the plot from a story based on a real train robbery, written by Scott Marble in 1896. To bring it to life in ways the public had never seen before, Porter utilises various new and innovative techniques, of which previous film-makers had never thought of using in the still relatively new process of film-making. Edisons company, who produced the film declared it absolutely the superior of any moving picture ever made due to the editing techniques that were totally new to the industry.  [1]  Eighteen years later, Victor Sjà ¶strà ¶m produced The Phantom Carriage with Svensk Filmindustri. Sjà ¶strà ¶m wrote the screenplay, which he adapted from a novel by Selma Lagerlà ¶f, as well as directed and starred in the film that Paul Mayersberg describes as a major departure from his [previous] outdo or dramas.  [2]  In The Phantom Carriage, Sjà ¶strà ¶ms creative editing style and new film techniques are illustrative of the progress made by film-makers in the time between the two films production, but also of the unique variety of films being made by the Scandinavian film industry in this fast changing and highly inventive period of cinematic history. As it is one of the first films to follow an actual narrative and not merely a single shot of a simple, everyday situation such as seen in the earlier works of the Lumià ¨r Brothers, the editing techniques in The Great Train Robbery are limited but highly experimental for the time. The film, most notably, makes use of cutting between two locations with use of a visual match to suggest one is happening after the other.  [3]  This is demonstrated between shot seven and eight where in the former, the train is seen moving on the tracks away from the camera, then in the next it is seen moving in the same direction and at the same angle to the camera. The idea is simple, and may seem obvious to modern viewers who are use to these cinematic conventions, but it demonstrates how editing is being manipulated in order to form a linear narrative that would be new to viewers of the time. We also see in this film the beginnings of the creation of a parallel narrative; the film begins in a tel egraph office where a worker is shot and tied up, the narrative moves on from here until shot ten when we return back to the telegraph office with the man still tied on the floor. The fact that the set up is exactly the same as where it was left off in the first shot, despite the plot moving on is indicative that the events that occur in shot ten are happening at the same time as the previous action we have seen is. This idea is consummated with the telegraph workers entrance in the dance hall in shot eleven, as it would obviously have taken some time for him to reach this new location, in which time the previous events could have run their course and in the next shot, number twelve, the two narratives are thus able to meet up as the men at the dance chase the bandits through the woods. Focusing on how editing functions in The Phantom Carriage, a scene which demonstrates Sjà ¶strà ¶ms more sophisticated style comes early on in the film, around five minutes in. Salvation Army Sister, Edit, pleads on her deathbed to see David Holm, an alcoholic of whom she cared for in the past. She sends a friend she met whilst working for the Salvation Army to find him; she and another friend of Edits, Gustafsson, part ways to cover more ground in their search for Holm. The sequence that follows watches both the Salvation Army friend and Gustafsson in the two separate locations they go to in their searches which, though similar to the shots explained above in The Great Train Robbery sequence, is pulled off more sophisticatedly in The Phantom Carriage sequence.  [4]   First the camera, and thus the viewer, follow the female friend to the dilapidated home of Holm, his wife and two children. As the friend arrives at the door to the house, Sjà ¶strà ¶m chooses to enclose the shot in a circular black frame. The edge is sharp not fading out like the vignette effect which he utilises later on and as the bottom third of the circular frame is cut off out of shot, it could be reminiscent of the frame that looking through a key hole would produce to the eye. This effect creates the feeling of the viewer as a voyeur; the viewer has not been invited to look, but is seeing her unnoticed as she unlocks the door. Later in the sequence, after shot thirteen where the friend comforts Anna, Sjà ¶strà ¶m cuts to the path of Gustafsson that runs parallel to this short sequence. The viewer sees him enter a bar and, presumably, since there are no inter-titles in this sequence, ask the staff about finding Holm. A few shots in however, the scene cuts back to the fir st location and the narrative continues from the point it left off, with the friend putting her coat around Anna. We are taken back to the first narrative jut for this single shot before being brought back again to the second, for four shots, and once again cut back for a single shot of the first. These extreme cuts tell us that the two separate sequences are happening at the same time. The fact they go back and forth in rapid succession is makes it more obvious or understandable than the occurrence of parallel narratives in The Great Train Robbery where it only cuts back once. One of the most significant differences in the editing of the two films is the scale of the shots. Porter tends to have the camera further away from his subject so that a large area and all the action can be seen at once, whereas Sjà ¶strà ¶m chooses to vary the shots, some establishing the room and others close-ups of characters reactions and actions. Porters shots are also lengthier, so we see, for example, the whole sequence of the robbers hiding and waiting for the train in shot two. This may have a negative effect on the viewers understanding of the narrative. The closer shots and varied cutting of the The Phantom Carriage sequence allows the viewer to feel like they are in the midst of the story, seeing little detail rather than further away simply watching it unfold. After the framed shot outside the door, the viewer is let inside the room and given a full view of it, as is standard with many films of the time. This master shot allows the viewer to get a feel for the landsca pe of the scene, and gain an understanding of the surroundings, which is necessary in order for the viewer to  [3]  keep up with Sjà ¶strà ¶ms relatively liberal use of cutting that contrasts greatly to Porters extended shots. In this first interior set up, the friend is seen looking toward the front, right corner of the room. In the next shot Sjà ¶strà ¶m cuts so that the camera faces the direction the friend has just faced, therefore we are able to see what she sees, which is the two children asleep in a bed on the floor. This is known as an eyeline match where the angle of the camera matches the eyeline of the person in the previous shot. A similar cutting technique occurs in shots four to nine, where axis cuts (where the position of the camera moves in each shot so it looks back on itself on a 180 degree plane) go back and forth between the friend and Holms wife Annas back, who is sat in the corner of the room. These are examples of the more sophisticated editing techniques that can greatly enhance the viewers understanding of the narrative; firstly because, due to the potentiality for more close-ups, the viewer can grasp who the characters are and be more aware of their emotions displayed by their faces and what they are doing. This insight is lost slightly in the long shots of The Great Train Robbery which dont bring the viewer close enough to the action to distinguish characters or even what exactly they are doing; for example in the mail carriage shot (set up C), one robber seems to take something, or put something into the killed workers pocket; what exactly he does we cannot know as we are too far away to see3. These cutting techniques can allow the viewer to get a grip on the characters position in the room and understand who it may be their emotions are directed at as well. Such methods also enhance the aesthetic look of the sequence, rather than simply seeing the whole scene unfold from the same far off angle that is seen in The Great Train Robbery. The fast cutting used in The Phantom Carriage also effects the tone or atmosphere of the scene which in turn contributes to the way the viewer interprets the narrative. Tension is built up in the scene as the viewer see some part of the action and then is cut away to see a characters reaction to this. Alternatively though, the more drawn-out shots of the film and the lengthy shots in The Great  [4]  Train Robbery could also create a feeling of tension or suspense in the way the viewer is able to see all the action at once where sometimes the characters themselves cannot. An example of this effect is seen in shot thirteen of The Great Train Robbery, the bandits go through their loot as only the camera sees their pursuers creeping up on them from behind. In The Phantom Carriage, in the scenes in which the ghostly carriage of death comes into shot, tension is created by its slow, suspenseful motion across the screen; this could be due to the fact the viewer knows its destination wil l be someone who has recently died, and its slow pace signifies an unease in its path to the dead. -1711 words excerpts from sources to back up/contrast to points = integrate into above paragraphs -100 add in 150 about interior/exteriors conclusion -100 Bibliography Victor Sjà ¶strà ¶m, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547219/Victor-Sjostrom [accessed 18.03.13]. Cook, David A. and Sklar, Robert. Edwin S. Porter, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/471087/Edwin-S-Porter [accessed 18.03.13]. Dirks, Tim. The Great Train Robbery (1903) at http://www.filmsite.org/grea.html [accessed 18.03.13]. Mayersberg, Paul. Phantom Forms: The Phantom Carriage, on The Criterion Collection at http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2000-phantom-forms-the-phantom-carriage [accessed 16.03.13]. Musser, Charles. Moving towards fictional narratives: story films become the dominant product, 1903-1907 in Lee Grieveson and Peter Krà ¤mer (ed.) The Silent Cinema Reader. London: Routledge, 2003.

Heathcliff: Made A Villain By Love Essay -- essays research papers

Love is a two way street. In order for love to work it must be given and returned. If love is left unfulfilled it can lead a person to be spiteful, vengeful, and at the extreme villainous. In Emily Bronte's novel, Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is the villain because he is frustrated about his unrequited love for Cathy. Heathcliff's villainy is apparent in how he treats the Earnshaws, degrading Hindley and Hareton just as Hindley did him. This is also shown in his actions against the Lintons. Heathcliff hates the Lintons because Cathy married Edgar. Heathcliff uses his treachery to steal away the Linton fortune and to degrade their offspring. Heathcliff's villainy is finally shown in how he treats Cathy herself. He loves her so much he hates her. He feels that Cathy betrayed her heart and married Edgar. Heathcliff as the villain is first shown in his actions against the Earnshaws. When Heathcliff returns to Wuthering Heights after several years, his frustration leads him to exact revenge on Hindley Earnshaw. Heathcliff blames Hindley for Cathy not returning his love and becoming married to Edgar. Hindley reduced Heathcliff to such a status that it would ruin Cathy to marry him. Heathcliff's villainy is shown when he returns the favour to Hindley, reducing him and his son Hareton to servant class. This is apparent when Heathcliff is talking to Nellie about his joy in degrading Hareton, he says, I've pleasure in him!...He has satisfied my expectations - if he were born a fool I should not enjoy it half so much - But he's no fool; and I can sympathise with all his feelings, having felt them myself - I know what he suffers now, for instance exactly - it is merely a beginning of what he shall suffer though. And he'll never be able to emerge from his bathos of coarseness, and ignorance. I've got him faster than his scoundral of a father secured me, and lower; for he takes a pride in his brutishness. (252-253) This is also shown when Heathcliff accidentally saves Hareton from certain death. This is apparent when Nellie says, "A miser who has parted with a lucky lottery ticket for five shillings, and finds next day he has lost in the bargain five t... ...thout her. His villainy is also shown when he talks to Cathy when she is sick. He condemns her for breaking both his heart and hers. This is apparent when Heathcliff says, "Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort - you deserve this. You have killed yourself...They'll blight you - they'll damn you. You loved me - then what right did you to leave me?...I have not broken your heart - you have broken it - and in breaking it, you have broken mine." (197) This quote shows Heathcliff's anger, and his blaming of Cathy for his becoming a villain. Heathcliff as the villain is shown through his actions towards people. In the novel, Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is a villain. He is a villain because of his unrequited love for Cathy. His villainy is shown though his actions towards the Earnshaws, a famliy that degraded him, the Lintons, the people he believes stole Cathy away from him, and Cathy herself, the woman he feels betrayed her heart and his love. Heathcliff felt that he did not have Cathy's love, when all the time he truly owned her heart. Without love being returned jealousy and anger could make villains of all.

Management and Keller Essay

The centre of the case is a problem between tow management member, Wolfgang Keller (managing director) and Dimitri Brodsky (commercial director). Keller is superior of Dimitri and he he’s not satisfied with Dimitri’s performance since he joined the company two years ago. Keller now is considering three options: firing Brodsky, helping him to improve his performance or reorganizing the company around Brodsky by splitting marketing and sales. Wolfgang Keller is 34 years old. He studied at Harward and University of Cologne. His first job was at a Gemran food manufacturer firm. First, he was a strategic planner there, but soon he became a general manager at an Ukrainian subsidiary and after he got promoted to be a general manager at a German subsidiary. He achieved his first big successes there and gained reputation in his profession. After 2 years he switched to the Ukrainean subsidiary of Kà ¶nigsbrau, a beer amnufacturer, as managing director. There he also made success by increasing the subsidiary’s earnings to â‚ ¬7 million per year. He made significant changes through restructuring the marketing strategy and hiring new top-management group. The top-management in Munich was also impressed by his activity. Recently, Keller spent two month in Brazil to manage a start-up joint venture. Kà ¶nigsbrau’s Ukrainean subsidiary was founded 12 years before Kà ¶nigsburg aquired it. After, a man named Vladimir Antonov took the title of chaiman. Keller could get his job, because his predecessor had bad relationship with Antonov, so he was transfered back to Germany. Keller’s relationship with Antonov is good, but Antonov misses being involved into daily operations. The strategy of the company is to consolidate and strenghten the company’s distributors by offering heavy support. The strategy also includes heavy advertising, quality services and high margins. In the Ukrainian liqueur market personal relationships and trust between the company and distributors is essential. Another challange is converting people from vodka and cheap beers towards premium beers. Keller’s intention was to strenhgten relationships and create personal contacts with the distributors. Dimitri Brodsky is 10 years older than Keller and he has a very different personality. He is a cultivated and intellectual person. Before this firm he was a commercial director at a Ukrainian subsidiary of a US toiletries firm, but he also has experience from the United States and France. He was hired to balance the young  managers at Kà ¶nigsbrau. He has a good but distant relationship with Antonov. The problem between Brodsky and Keller is the very different uptake about how to handle the employees and the business partners. Keller prefers closer relationship with the employees, because he thinks this helps them to be more loyal and enthusiastic. Furthermore, he doens’t avoid personal topics. With the costumers and partners he encourages the same attitude, because he thinks it’s very important and essential for a business relationship. Brodsky, on the contrary, prefers formality and distance. He also beleives in separation between the pesonal and professional life and he deals with the employees and costumers this way. The source of problem between h im and Keller is this different attitude. Keller thinks that Brodsky is just reluctant to take care of everyday business. However, Keller seems inpatient and action-oriented from Brodsky’s angle.

Letters from the Ground Zero

â€Å"Letters from the Ground Zero† is an essay about the tragedy of September 11 in New York City which was unexpected and unbelievable but still happened in broad daylight and caught everyone all over the world unaware and for someone who lived six blocks away from the World Trade Center when the acts of terrorism happened in the American soil like Jonathan Schell, the author of this essay, it is one unforgettable moment in his life to witness such devastation in your country and your countrymen. Schell narrated and illustrated what he had heartrendingly encountered firsthand that day and according to him, â€Å"My specific neighborhood was violated and mutilated.   As I write these words, the acrid, dank, rancid stink—it is the smell of death—of the still smoking site is in my nostrils.† The occurrence of such an attack could have been prevented if every government’s vigilance was increased and complacency was not heightened.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It will always be a better option for all countries to be circumspect, to take extra precautions and do what they can to obliterate such demonic creations. In the time of development of such sophisticated weapons of mass destruction, it is never impossible anymore for a specific part of the globe to become the next ground zero. As Schell told, â€Å"We have known this intellectually, but now we know it viscerally, as a nausea in the pit of the stomach that is unlikely to go away.† The author was able to give a testimonial to the tragedy since he lived near the ground zero and who better to narrate it than someone like him.   What the essay tries to impart is for people to see that something has to be done to stop this from happening again to each one’s homeland and protect the countrymen. The author effectively narrated what can be seen on the television at the same time the streets of New York right after what happened like how people helped each other in any way they can and how so many heroic deeds emerged after such consecutive acts of terror occurred in the United States of America.   The author said â€Å"the surrounding buildings were smashed but still standing and looked down eyelessly on their pulverized brethren†. He was also able to witness how heroic men and women tried to slowly and patiently work in finding the people under the numerous piles of rubbles in ground zero which made it very difficult for the rescue operations to get as many people out of the site alive yet their persistence somehow gave him the reassurance. Despite all these the American people rose above the devastation and destruction even after so many lives of people, employees, firemen, policemen and rescuers were lost.   America has truly learned a huge lesson in a most traumatic, appalling and heartrending way. The essay gives the reader a glimpse of the atmosphere of the perimeter near ground zero, immediately after the World Trade Center was struck.   It makes the reader see what it took and how much courage and strength it took for people whose presence was literally there when it happened. Everyone should try to move and take action on how these attacks can be prevented in the country known to be most powerful in this world. Works Cited Schell, Jonathan. â€Å"Letters from the Ground Zero.† Connelly, Mark. The Sundance Reader, Fourth Edition. Boston, Massachussetts: Thomas Wadsworth, 2006. 119-120.      

Edecel Applied Business Unit 11 Finance Task B Essay Example

Edecel Applied Business Unit 11 Finance Task B Essay Example Edecel Applied Business Unit 11 Finance Task B Essay Edecel Applied Business Unit 11 Finance Task B Essay Working Capital is the money used by the business to fund revenue expenditure; this is the day to day expenses. Day to day funds are needed in order to fund a business. The working capital would be used to buy resources such as raw materials, fuel, wages and fees etc. Working capital can also operating liquidity that is available to them. Working capital has two components which are; things owed (current liabilities) and things owned (current assets). They are used when calculating the working capital: WK = CA CL. If companys assets are less then their liabilities then this results in a bad working capital because they will not have enough cash in the business to pay current liabilities; and therefore will owe more then they own. This is why working capital is very important in order to run an efficient business. A business will have many current liabilities that they owe banks, people and other businesses. These can include things such as, bank overdrafts and bank loans which businesses would of borrowed from, these are common methods of borrowing money as it can be fairly easy for businesses to get loans and overdrafts. Credit Card debts are also common in businesses. A businesses liabilitys also includes accruals and these are something that businesses will owe and these are all the extra things such as electricity bills. Hire purchase, dividends proposed and trade credit will also fall within a businesses current liabilities. Businesses current assets are thing that they have or own. These can be general things such as stock, unfinished goods and raw materials for stock. These can be the hardest assets to turn into actual cash. The businesses money in the bank and investments are also current assets as well as any debtors the company has and prepayments which are deposits. Working Capital Management the Problems When looking at working capital is important to analyse where cash is used in the day to day running of Thomas Cook; this can be known as a liquidity cycle. The start of Thomas Cooks cycle would begin with them securing the hotel room and flights needed for their future customers, these would be on credit. They then sell these to the customers and take deposits/receivables. Thomas Cook need to ensure they get the correct balance between the hotels and flights they book and the correct amount of customers. This may be a big problem for their working capital if demands drops, and this will be likely in the current recession. To have a good liquidity Thomas Cook needs to ensure deposits quickly, because the longer it takes them to sell their holidays the more liquidity problems it will create. The next step is for Thomas Cook to pay the suppliers; Thomas Cook will use the customer deposits to pay them however this will not cover the whole of the costs. Therefore Thomas Cook need an injection of cash and this is likely to be an overdraft. By having an overdraft will ease the flow of cash around the business and help liquidity. However banks may not want to give businesses an overdraft or loan if they are worried the company will not pay it back. This is more common recently with the recession as banks are becoming more careful with their money. By resorting to an overdraft does have its advantages, but overall in the long run it will increase costs for Thomas Cook as they will have to pay back extra interest fees. This can therefore reduce the profit for Thomas Cook which they will not want. Banks may also think that the business is not doing well if it needs a loan and this could be a risk for the bank. If Thomas Cook cannot receive any injection of money then they will struggle to pay back suppliers on time and this can result in bad relationships and they may withdraw their trade credit or decrease the credit period. This will have a negative effect on the working capital. The final part for Thomas Cook is to collect the rest of the customers payments so Thomas can pay back the bank their overdraft and likely to make a profit, however it can still create problems for Thomas Cook. Customers may cancel their holidays as it would have been several months since they booked it so many people change their mind. This means that Thomas Cook will only have deposits to pay back banks etc. They will have to sell extra rooms and flights last minute and cheap and they could lose money. One solution to this would be to increase the deposit price therefore customers would feel like they are losing more money and they would be unlikely to cancel. It also means there is a safer barrier for Thomas Cook and they would have more money which will help ease they liquidity. We have suggested that over booking hotel rooms and flights is bad for Thomas Cook as they may not be able to gain enough customers but what about the opposite? Thomas Cook may have customers waiting and not have any rooms or flights available, this would be a missed opportunities for Thomas Cook. This is why it is extremely important for them to get the balance between securing the hotels and flights, and the amount of customers. Ratios Current Acid Test Ratio Ratios can be used to help asses the working capital position of Thomas Cook and look at the management to Thomas Cook. The first ratio will let us directly measure liquidity and this is the current ratio. It will show us how much current assets there are to a Euro of debt. Formula for current ratio: Current assets / current liability = current ratio Looking at the balance sheets of Thomas Cook we can work out the current ratio for 2009 and 2008. 2009: 2008: 2303.2 / 3737.9 = 0.6:1 1386.2 / 2077.8 = 0.7:1 Another ratio that can use is the Acid test ratio this is the same as the current ratio however it takes away the stock as stock is not easily converted to cash. Formula for Acid Test ratio: (Current Assets Stock) / Current liabilities = Acid Test Ratio Looking at the balance sheets of Thomas Cook we can work out the acid test ratio for 2009 and 2008. 2009: 2008: 2303.2 274 / 3737.9 = 0.6:1 1386.2 105 / 2077.8 = 0.7:1 By looking at the current ratio we can see that for every euro of debt/current liabilities it has 60cent of current assets which are stock, cash and debtors. This doesnt appear a situation for Thomas Cook as they cant afford to clear its short term debts with its current assets. For example if their overdraft was reduced and their trade credit stopped Thomas Cook would not be in a liquid position. The suggested standard acceptable ratio is 1:1 which means business have equal assets to liabilities so they can easily pay back short term debts. A 1:1 ratio means the assets and liabilities are equal and surely it would be better to have a 2:1, however for firms such as Thomas Cook it is easy for them to raise finance and thats why it is acceptable. Another factor we can look at is the time period; these figures were taken from a balance sheet in October and there wouldnt have been a lot of current assets coming into the business as October is not their peak month. We have to keep in mind that Thomas Cook are a seasonal business and therefore figures will be very different during periods of the year. In October it would be likely that Thomas Cook are spending money to securing next years holidays and they could also be borrowing money to do this. By taking this into consideration we can judge that the ratio may be acceptable and these figures are likely to be industry wide. We can also compare 2009 to 2008; the position from 2008 has gone down in 2009 and therefore it is a negative trend. This can be seen as bad for the businesses liquidity however by looking at other aspects of the balance sheet this could change the view. Trade and other payables is a lot higher in 2009 and this could indicate they are securing more holidays for the coming year. This looks like a good sign as they will be likely to secure more customers and therefore receive more profit. On the other hand we can look at it as it has created extra liability for Thomas Cook and we have to ask what if Thomas Cook cannot secure the extra customers; this would mean they would lose money. The Acid test ratio has received the same results as the current ratio, this is because Thomas cook are not a production business and therefore do not have many stock as they offer more of a service. Only a tiny portion of their current assets are stock and therefore it will not have much effect on the acid test ratio. The suggested accepted ratio is 0.75:1 for this ratio as it takes the stock into consideration. We can see that Thomas Cook is very close to this ratio and therefore there are virtually no liquidity problems. However by looking at the 2008 ratio we notice the downward trend and this would be a bad trend to continue. Nevertheless we have identified the reasons for it and as a result we can understand the trend. Debtor Collection The debtor collection ratio looks at the management of debts and how well Thomas Cook covers their debts. Thomas Cook mainly receives debts from their customers as they offer holidays on trade credit. Thomas Cook has a policy where their customer has to pay six weeks prior to their departure. This settles any outstanding money that customer owe Thomas Cook. Problems can arise for example if a customer pay late it will be Thomas Cooks duty to chase they money back. If not Thomas Cook may decide to sell they holiday to someone else however this may be costly for them. To work out how many days it takes Thomas Cook to receive back their debts we use the debtor collect ratio and the formula is shown below: Debtors / turnover x 365 = no. of days 2009: 2008: 1240.1 / 9439 X 365 = 48days 600.6 / 7780 X 365 = 28days This shows a negative trend and Thomas Cook has to wait an extra 20days for them to receive their monies in 2009. It is good if Thomas Cook receives money as soon as possible as this can enable them to have cash ready in order to buy more holidays for future customers. On the other hand in 2008, we can see that they are receiving there money well before the six week period; this is good because they can receive cash sooner and therefore have more available for longer. However comparing this too 2009 we can see that it takes just over 6weeks for them to receive their debts back. Although the time period is only just over 6weeks this should not become a constant trend otherwise Thomas Cook will not have cash ready in time. Credit Payment Days The credit payment days looks at how long it takes Thomas Cook to pay back their creditors and this is any money that they owe. This is usually to the hoteliers and for the rooms and flights they have booked in advance. To work out how many days it takes Thomas Cook to pay their creditors we use the credit payment days ratio and the formula is show below: Trade creditors / turnover X 365 = no. of days 2009: 2008: 2046.1 / 9439 X 365 = 80days 1208.7 / 7780 X 365 = 57days These answers also shows us a deteriorated trend between 2008 and 2009, as in 2009 it takes Thomas cook 23 more days to pay back their debts. We can assume that Thomas Cook creditors gives a payment time period of 60days and in 2008 they have made this payment but in 2009 they have gone 20days over. By taking longer to pay back debts can be risky as the hoteliers may reduce their credit period as they may feel like Thomas Cook has taken liberties. They could also choose to take away their credit completely or even stop trading with them and trade with a competitor instead. This is unlikely to happen as Thomas Cook are a large company so they are a valued customer, but if the trend becomes regular then their creditors might decide otherwise. Although Thomas Cook are not paying on time this can work as an advantage for them. The sooner that customers pay Thomas Cook and the later Thomas Cook pays their creditors means that they will have ready cash for a longer period of time. If Thomas Cook can get away with a longer time period to pay back their creditors then it will ease their working capital as they will have more cash in hand for longer to put to use. Evaluation I am going to make a judgement on the working capital of Thomas Cook by looking at all the analysis. The current and acid test ratio demonstrates how liquid Thomas Cook is and how able it is to pay its short-term debts. The ratio revealed that there is declining trend in the figures between 2008 and 2009. It also showed that Thomas Cook do not have equal debts to assets which may mean future problems for Thomas Cook. The Debtors days ratio demonstrates how well Thomas cook gains back their debts in days. This also shows a negative trend as it took them longer in 2009 to receive back there monies. The Creditors day shows how well Thomas Cook pay their creditors and this ratio shows that Thomas Cook were taking longer to pay their creditors in 2009. The main negative trend that the majority of the ratios shows may raise concern for Thomas Cook especially when paying back short term debts as this should be easy for big companies to do. Also the fact that it takes Thomas Cook 80days to pay their creditors may be worrying; do they not have enough cash to pay them, or are the securing the financial inflows and therefore playing it safe? When analysing the financial position of Thomas Cook we always need to take into consideration what time of year the balance sheets are from. This can make a large change to the figures and outcomes of analysis especially because Thomas Cook is a seasonal business. During October Thomas Cook will be out of their peak stage therefore there balance sheets are likely to show some negatives. We can conclude that during this stage Thomas Cook may be waiting to book holidays for next year therefore they are saving up the cash in order to purchase them in the next few months. If we look at the balance sheet s during June or July we would see a big difference as ratios would look better as there would be a greater income into the business. The management of working capital of Thomas Cook is satisfactory from looking at the balance sheets; the business is not booming, however this is due to the seasonal nature of the business. By taking this into account we can believe Thomas Cook has no major financial problems which will affect the business. I feel however they can make improvements in resolving there negative trends shown by the debtors days ratio. They could do this by managing the inflows coming in and also working out a more agreeable period of payback to their creditors. Overall I think that Thomas Cook management of working capital is fairly good with consideration to the time period.

Customer behaviour towards online shopping Essay

Customer behaviour towards online shopping - Essay Example Introduction 1.1 Introduction The development of the Internet has not only provided a technological tool but also an essential tool for commercial dealings. In recent years, business people and their customers have increasingly used the Internet for a variety of purposes. Businesses use the Internet and other online functions such as electronic mail as a means of advertising their products and popularizing their brands to their prospective customers. The Internet has also made it possible for consumers to research the brands and products they intend to buy and then purchase their desired products online. Businesses that have embraced the use of the Internet have seen their organizations grow at the same time that they have seen their costs of advertising shrink (Evans, 2009). Such firms have also witnessed an increase in overall sales levels due to increased online shopping. Industry related sources such as the Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG, 2012) anticipate that Internet s ales just in the UK will be approximately seventy seven billion pounds or more by the end of year 2012. The Internet can have profound effects on the way one conducts business. It has become a vital tool and avenue for carrying out trade and aids to trade, i.e. commerce. As a tool, it equips buyers and sellers with adequate information on products and services. As an avenue, it overcomes the limitation brought about by geographical distance, time zone, and the need for a physical office. Great Britain has experienced the fastest growth in terms of electronic shopping in the entire Europe, having estimated sales of sixty eight billion pounds in the year 2011 representing an increase of 1.6% (Wood, 2012).... This paper considers general Internet usage in the context of marketing, provide an overview of online shopping, and discuss the profitability of online shopping over the past few years, before looking at Tesco and Asda specifically. Finally, since the factors that affect consumer confidence towards online shopping are diverse, it is important to study some of the factors within e-marketing frame such as product, price, promotion, distribution and customer service. Technological factors and demographics as well as social factors are also important and are considered as the macro environment of marketing. The World Wide Web has dramatically increased the general use of the Internet. In 1993, the World Wide Web was developed to be a commercial tool by the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee. Instead of using the Internet's â€Å"World Wide Webâ€Å" as a technological tool, the Internet quickly became an effective commercial outlet for vendors and customers. By late 2000, the Internet already had more than 450 million online users thanks to the convenience of the World Wide Web. According to estimates by Nua, there were already more than 30 million hosted websites as reported by the various server organizations by that time (Web update, www.nua.ie/surveys). This proves that the Internet environment is very effective and important for business (www.emarketing.com). E-business success through the Internet is also evidence of increasingly new customers to online shopping for company products and services.

What are three reasons for segmentation Which segmentation approach is Essay

What are three reasons for segmentation Which segmentation approach is the best and why - Essay Example The most likely cause for geographical segmentation is that the product appeals to a certain geographical area. If a business is selling snow boots then they would market an area where there is heavy snow fall.The most likely cause for demographical segmentation is that the product appeals to the personal characteristics of the customers such as age, gender, race, income, life stage, occupation, and education level. A clothing company might produce clothing that appeals to teenagers.The most likely cause for Psychographic segmentation is the personality traits, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles of potential customer groups. A company might develop an environmentally friendly product aimed at the more environmentally focussed consumer.It is difficult to define the best segmentation approach since it is dependent on the client group and their specific needs. If the product appeals to a particular lifestyle need; a piece of exercise equipment for example, then lifestyle segmentation w ould be ideal. Deciding the best segmentation method can be difficult, but it depends on the particular benefit for that business objective.If the business objective is a new product development it is essential to understand how customers group together according to their particular needs. The outcome of this would influence the best segmentation approach. Mishkin, F. & Eakins, S. (2009)You are the deacon of a small non-denominational church. Your minister has just left, and your congregation is down by over 11% in the past year. You have just received news that an electronics firm plans to relocate 500 families to your town. You are tasked with making a plan for increasing church membership since you are a marketing manager. Describe your plan. As the deacon of a small non - denominational Church. I have been asked to write a marketing plan to increase Church membership. Following is the summary of the main points of this marketing plan. The Church will change its focus to differentiate itself from Churches in the area and improve membership by filling the need of the electronics firm employee's and families. Our marketing challenge is to position our Church to reach the new families and cater to their interests and needs. As a Church we would teach the word of God by offering electronic courses sharing the word of the Gospel and giving tracts to those attending. The Church serves its members as a trusted friend, providing for their needs and the needs of their families. We ensure our members have what they need to function spiritually and to increase their well being. It is the Churches duty to ensure the interests of the members are met and therefore surveys will be sent to each potential member to discover their interests, age, gender, ethnicity, and potential needs. Letters will be sent out to let people know that the Church is here should they need us. We also need to concentrate on developing a clear vision for the future of the Church. The objectives of the Church are to increase membership this is likely to result in increased Church profits. In these circumstances the Church would be able to carry out more outreach projects. The consequence of this is that we would have to develop a strategy for exploring the potential user needs of our new members. The most appropriate solution would be to create a new vision with detailed actions that need to be fulfilled. Essentially a clear, workable action plan needs to be formulated to give clear roles and responsibilities of participants involved with creating the Churches new vision. Therefore a list of expectations needs to be created to give the Leadership Team a way of measuring the success and progress of the project. If the Church is successful in gaining new members there

Academic freedom in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Academic freedom in the classroom - Essay Example They believe that the instructor’s profession has nothing to do with the social or political issues happening around them and they must strictly adhere to the academic syllabuses. On the other hand, some others believe that the learning of a student would not be perfect if he fail to learn from the surroundings. Students are living in the society and the basic aim of the education is to make the students capable of living a healthy social life and to make them good citizens. For that purpose it is necessary for them to learn about the present things happening around them as well. This paper discusses these two different views briefly. KEVIN BARRETT, a lecturer at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, who has a one-semester contract to teach a course titled â€Å"Islam: Religion and Culture,† acknowledged on a radio talk show that he has shared with students his strong conviction that the destruction of the World Trade Center was an inside job perpetrated by the American government (Fish, 2006). It is evident that Mr. Barrett has expressed only his opinion about the trade centre destruction. It is a fact that sometimes such premature opinion by a professor would mislead the students. On the other hand, in order to analyze different dimensions of an issue and also to develop critical thinking, such opinions might be helpful. It should be remembered that the topic academic freedom has nothing to do with the content. ‘Critics charge that the professoriate is abusing the academic freedom in four ways: (1) â€Å"indoctrinate† rather than educate; (2) fail to present conflicting views on contentious subjects, thereby depriving students of educationally essential â€Å"diversity† or â€Å"balance†; (3) intolerant to students’ religious, political, or socioeconomic views, thereby creating a hostile atmosphere in the classroom; and (4) interject material, irrelevant to the subject of instruction’ (Report "Freedom in the classroom, 2007) It is a fact

Has the development of Human Resource Management practices replaced the need for trade unions Essay Example for Free

Has the development of Human Resource Management practices replaced the need for trade unions Essay According to Phelan (2007, pp. 45-47), trade unions were the most powerful organizations after the industrial revolution. During the 19th and 20th century, management was largely mechanistic and the position of workers was not felt unless the force of the numbers was employed. As a result, the membership to the trade unions increased steadily to 1979 after which a sharp decline is evident. During the 20th century, Donna, Stephen and Roderick (2007, p. 832) report that over one third of all employees belonged to trade unions by 1979 before declining sharply o 13. % by year 2000. In their view, Gurpreet (2007, p. 85) and Hearnshaw (2007, p. 76) argue that the trade unions decline is an indication of the critical period that change must be embraced to create greater value of the production systems. According to Tove, Hammer and Bayazit (2009, pp. 405-406), the unions lacked the needed sensitivity to their members and held their views towards salaries and job security only. Under this model, unions failed to recognize the fact that if employees were guaranteed what the unions provided, they would lack their value. From their view point, Coca-Stefaniak, Hallsworth and Bainbridge (2005, pp. 361-363) argue that trade unions’ mandates lacked clear definition and therefore kept overlapping between political delineations to employees protection. Consequently, many leaders used them to settle political scores and stepping stones to power. Indeed, Marlow (2006, p. 54) points an accusing finger to this vagueness in executing their mandates that employees sought to distance themselves. A major question that arises at this point is what is indeed the future of the unions? Though many analysts appear to avoid answering the question directly, Pencavel (2003, p. 21) and Blanden and Machin (2003, pp. 121-122) suggest that the unions will indeed not fully die, but resilience of their roles will be evident when major problems occur. Comparison of human resources managements and trade unions Comparison of trade human resources and trade unions brings out the picture of two negating forces but geared towards achieving the same objectives. To begin with, trade unions were run politically and therefore involved a very wide spectrum of employees they dealt with. As a result, Gill (2009, pp. 41-42) explains it was very hard to address the demands of the different members with ease. On the other hand, human resources management is a discipline defined by clear cut professional outline that have key objectives. Redman and Wilkinson (2009, p. 121) explain that apart from this clear objectivity, human resources managers have a narrower spectrum, for instance, one company or institution, which makes it easier to address concerns of their subjects. The approach and consideration of trade unions as Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 114) pointed out in their study, was based on a competitive model that was viewed as a major achievement for specific leaders. As a result, other options were locked out; a consideration that created controversy with economists and political elites. Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 117) further point out that human resources managers consider conflicts to be critical aspects that must be addressed carefully in defining a better relationship and ultimately greater productivity. Though Jose and Fernando (2002, pp. 181-182), use of the term ‘militant’ when referring to trade unions has received sharp criticism, it is perhaps the correct term. Trade unions main method of addressing conflicts was use of strikes and demonstrations. As a result, they resulted to great losses to particular institutions, companies and even nations. Human resources managers however, balance between critical human qualifications, existing infrastructure and overall returns as dictated by the demand and supply of resulting products. Gill (2009, pp. 41-42) therefore concurs with Marlow (2006, p. 78) that everybody has his own niche and stands a better chance of advancing with ease. Modern roles of human resources a) Staffing and selection The roles of human resources have over the years changed with the rising demand to view employees as a responsive system as opposed to a rigid consideration Farber and Western (2002, pp. 398-399) explains that this role therefore creates a harmonic platform that proactively addresses key problems that necessitated the need for trade unions. Staffing and selection is done on the basis of merits; a consideration that give employees great security both locally and internationally. By conducting effective selection, the employees do not feel threatened, but are given a chance to improve on their skills which the organization they work for strongly struggles to retain while others remain opportunistic to outsource (Blanden and Machin, 2003, pp. 126-127). Unions are therefore rendered less essential as job security is indeed very high and payments highly sustainable. ) Rewarding compensation and motivation management To concur with Gill (2009, p. 90) conclusion, poor rewarding systems formed the basis of unions in the mid-twentieth century. At this time most production were privately owned, but most importantly, they lacked effective competition to trigger better compensation and motivation of their workers. Human resources managements’ greatest roles are indeed to assess performance, initiate the needed improvement ef forts and most importantly reward the best performers. In his theory of human needs, Robert Maslow argued that when employees are guaranteed the needed capacity for progression towards self actualization, other systems are easily foregone (Gill, 2009, p. 48). Unlike the trade unions that provided only raising the salaries, human resources create a roadmap for sustainability; a factor that Brewster (2004, p. 371) indicate directly disrupts their consideration for unionization. c) Employee’s development and modelling When refereeing to the current replacement of trade unions roles with human resources management, one cannot fail to focus on the modelling and development roles. Though trade unions train their members on different aspects of their relationship with their seniors and the employers, greater credit as Jose and Fernando (2002, p. 189), suggests, is given to human resources managements. As indicated earlier, trade unions lack the necessary specificity on their members who are highly diverse. Due to their smaller nature of operation, human resources have proved to be more effective in that employees are continuously modelled with close supervision with an aim of improving their place in an organization. Jose and Fernando (2002, pp. 188-190) add that modelling sets a clear role model and a definite roadmap to follow in addressing their concerns and issues. d) Negotiating and change management Unlike during the period of the trade unions, negotiations have taken a central position for all the employees. Brewster (2004, p. 368) explains that human resources management eliminates key bureaucracies and therefore brings the employees closer to the top leadership. Furthermore, human resources management facilitates teamwork to encourage involvement of all the workers in negotiating their views in an organization. To infer greater need for negotiations, Coca-Stefaniak et al (2005, pp. 366-367) argue that internal and external change agents often propose changes towards improving the welfare of the employees and ultimate productivity of the company. As a result, the need for trade unions to create either a rise in payments or even improved working conditions does not arise. Counterarguments In his view, Phelan (2007, pp. 4-75) suggests that trade unions roles will remain critical despite the current decline. He further points out that though many workers have shifted from the trade unions; their need will always be rekindled during the periods of major crisis. During the 2007-2008 financial crises, many workers turned to trade unions for protection of their jobs. Pencavel (2003, p. 25) cites the political interference in reducing the relevance o f the unions. As a result, strength of trade unions will always recur when new political elites with favouring views rise to power. However, the two counterarguments fail to acknowledge the great advancements in technology that facilitate easier detection of workplace problems, faster communication and precise assessment that assists in making the correct decisions to avoid major issues (Hearnshaw, 2007, p. 69). Conclusion and recommendations From the above discussion, this paper supports the thesis statement, ‘the critical roles played by human resources managements that greatly satisfies the customers, improves their earnings, secures their employment, and maintains the correct organization cultures have increasingly replaced the need for trade unions. Trade unions came out as strong movements that were very vibrant during the 20th century when clear professionalism lacked in running businesses and organizations. Human resources management came in with great specialization that is highly proactive and employees driven; a consideration that surpassed the major roles of the unions. However, counterarguments presented in the discussion are true and their roles will often recur during periods of major crisis in organizations.